How do I know if I have Hyperparathyroidism?

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where one or more of the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone controls calcium levels in the blood, and when produced in excess, it can lead to serious health issues like bone weakness, kidney stones, and fatigue.Let’s understand how you can identify the symptoms early, what tests to consider, and how this condition is managed.

What is hyperparathyroidism?

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition that occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands in your neck become overactive and produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone is essential for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. When too much PTH is released, it leads to high blood calcium levels, which can affect bones, kidneys, and other organs.There are three main types:

• Primary hyperparathyroidism: Caused by a problem within the parathyroid glands themselves, such as a benign tumor.
  
  
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Often due to low calcium levels caused by chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.
  
  
• Tertiary hyperparathyroidism: Usually develops after long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism, especially in people with kidney failure.

What are the early signs of hyperparathyroidism?

Most people with hyperparathyroidism don’t notice symptoms right away. The signs often develop slowly and can be mistaken for general fatigue or aging.Common early symptoms may include:

• Persistent tiredness or weakness
• Muscle cramps or aches
• Frequent urination
• Thirst more than usual
• Joint pain
• Mild depression or mood swings
• Loss of appetite
  
  

When should I see a doctor?

You should consider seeing a doctor if you:

• Have repeated kidney stones
• Experience ongoing fatigue and body aches
• Notice cognitive changes such as confusion or memory problems
• Show high calcium levels in your lab reports
  
  

What tests are done to diagnose hyperparathyroidism?

Your doctor may order the following tests:

Blood tests

• Serum calcium: Often elevated
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) level: Higher than normal
• Vitamin D levels: To rule out secondary causes
• Kidney function tests: To assess overall health
  
  

Urine test

• 24-hour urine calcium to see how much calcium is being excreted
  
  

Bone density scan (DEXA)

• Helps determine if bone loss (osteoporosis) is occurring
  
  

Ultrasound or Sestamibi scan

• Locates overactive parathyroid glands if surgery is being considered
  
  

Can hyperparathyroidism be caused by other diseases?

Yes, sometimes hyperparathyroidism is secondary to other health issues:

• Chronic kidney disease
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, can occasionally affect parathyroid function indirectly
• Certain genetic syndromes like MEN1 or MEN2A
  
  

What are the complications if left untreated?

If hyperparathyroidism is not managed, it may lead to:

• Osteoporosis and bone fractures
• Kidney stones or kidney damage
• Hypertension
• Pancreatitis (in rare cases)
• Heart rhythm disturbances due to high calcium
  
  

How is hyperparathyroidism treated?

Treatment depends on whether the condition is primary, secondary, or tertiary:

1. Observation

• Mild cases without symptoms may only require regular monitoring.
  
  

2. Surgery

• Removal of overactive parathyroid gland(s) is the most common and effective treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism.
  
  

3. Medications

• Cinacalcet: Helps control calcium and PTH levels in certain patients
• Vitamin D supplements: If deficiency is a contributing factor
• PTH 30mg Tablet may be prescribed in certain controlled cases to help regulate hormone levels
  
  

4. Lifestyle management

• Stay well hydrated
• Avoid calcium or vitamin D supplements unless advised
• Regular physical activity to strengthen bones
  
  

Can hyperparathyroidism be prevented?

There’s no guaranteed way to prevent primary hyperparathyroidism, but you can reduce risks by:

• Managing vitamin D and calcium intake under medical supervision
• Staying physically active to support bone health
• Regularly monitoring calcium levels if you have kidney disease or autoimmune conditions
• Addressing early signs and routine screening, especially if there is a family history
  
  

Is hyperparathyroidism linked to the immune system?

While hyperparathyroidism itself isn’t considered an immune disorder, it can be influenced by conditions that affect immune health. In rare cases, autoimmune disorders may alter parathyroid function.Supporting overall immunity may help manage associated health risks:

• Balanced nutrition
• Adequate sleep
• Moderate exercise
• Steps to improve immune system resilience naturally
  
  

How can I prevent hyperparathyroidism?

While primary hyperparathyroidism cannot always be prevented, you can reduce your risk by maintaining adequate vitamin D levels, staying hydrated, and avoiding unnecessary calcium supplements unless prescribed. It’s important to manage chronic conditions, particularly kidney disease, as they can increase the likelihood of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Regular health checkups, especially for individuals over 50 or with a family history of the condition, can help with early detection. A balanced diet that includes calcium-rich foods, like leafy greens and dairy, while limiting processed foods and phosphorus intake, can also contribute to preventing parathyroid issues. Regular monitoring of calcium and vitamin D levels can help maintain balance and reduce the risk of complications.

Summary

Hyperparathyroidism often goes unnoticed until it causes noticeable health issues. Knowing the early signs like fatigue, bone pain, or kidney stones and getting timely medical advice can help avoid complications. Most cases are treatable, and with the right guidance, patients can lead a healthy, symptom-free life.If you experience any of the symptoms discussed, consult a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis can make a significant difference.